ClosestPoint.h

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// Jolt Physics Library (https://github.com/jrouwe/JoltPhysics)
// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2021 Jorrit Rouwe
// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
 
#pragma once
 
JPH_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
 
// Turn off fused multiply add instruction because it makes the equations of the form a * b - c * d inaccurate below
JPH_PRECISE_MATH_ON
 
namespace ClosestPoint
{
    inline bool GetBaryCentricCoordinates(Vec3Arg inA, Vec3Arg inB, float &outU, float &outV)
    {
        Vec3 ab = inB - inA;
        float denominator = ab.LengthSq();
        if (denominator < Square(FLT_EPSILON))
        {
            // Degenerate line segment, fallback to points
            if (inA.LengthSq() < inB.LengthSq())
            {
                // A closest
                outU = 1.0f;
                outV = 0.0f;
            }
            else
            {
                // B closest
                outU = 0.0f;
                outV = 1.0f;
            }
            return false;
        }
        else
        {
            outV = -inA.Dot(ab) / denominator;
            outU = 1.0f - outV;
        }
        return true;
    }
 
    inline bool GetBaryCentricCoordinates(Vec3Arg inA, Vec3Arg inB, Vec3Arg inC, float &outU, float &outV, float &outW)
    {
        // Taken from: Real-Time Collision Detection - Christer Ericson (Section: Barycentric Coordinates)
        // With p = 0
        // Adjusted to always include the shortest edge of the triangle in the calculation to improve numerical accuracy
 
        // First calculate the three edges
        Vec3 v0 = inB - inA;
        Vec3 v1 = inC - inA;
        Vec3 v2 = inC - inB;
 
        // Make sure that the shortest edge is included in the calculation to keep the products a * b - c * d as small as possible to preserve accuracy
        float d00 = v0.LengthSq();
        float d11 = v1.LengthSq();
        float d22 = v2.LengthSq();
        if (d00 <= d22)
        {
            // Use v0 and v1 to calculate barycentric coordinates
            float d01 = v0.Dot(v1);
 
            // Denominator must be positive:
            // |v0|^2 * |v1|^2 - (v0 . v1)^2 = |v0|^2 * |v1|^2 * (1 - cos(angle)^2) >= 0
            float denominator = d00 * d11 - d01 * d01;
            if (denominator < 1.0e-12f)
            {
                // Degenerate triangle, return coordinates along longest edge
                if (d00 > d11)
                {
                    GetBaryCentricCoordinates(inA, inB, outU, outV);
                    outW = 0.0f;
                }
                else
                {
                    GetBaryCentricCoordinates(inA, inC, outU, outW);
                    outV = 0.0f;
                }
                return false;
            }
            else
            {
                float a0 = inA.Dot(v0);
                float a1 = inA.Dot(v1);
                outV = (d01 * a1 - d11 * a0) / denominator;
                outW = (d01 * a0 - d00 * a1) / denominator;
                outU = 1.0f - outV - outW;
            }
        }
        else
        {
            // Use v1 and v2 to calculate barycentric coordinates
            float d12 = v1.Dot(v2);
 
            float denominator = d11 * d22 - d12 * d12;
            if (denominator < 1.0e-12f)
            {
                // Degenerate triangle, return coordinates along longest edge
                if (d11 > d22)
                {
                    GetBaryCentricCoordinates(inA, inC, outU, outW);
                    outV = 0.0f;
                }
                else
                {
                    GetBaryCentricCoordinates(inB, inC, outV, outW);
                    outU = 0.0f;
                }
                return false;
            }
            else
            {
                float c1 = inC.Dot(v1);
                float c2 = inC.Dot(v2);
                outU = (d22 * c1 - d12 * c2) / denominator;
                outV = (d11 * c2 - d12 * c1) / denominator;
                outW = 1.0f - outU - outV;
            }
        }
        return true;
    }
 
    inline Vec3 GetClosestPointOnLine(Vec3Arg inA, Vec3Arg inB, uint32 &outSet)
    {
        float u, v;
        GetBaryCentricCoordinates(inA, inB, u, v);
        if (v <= 0.0f)
        {
            // inA is closest point
            outSet = 0b0001;
            return inA;
        }
        else if (u <= 0.0f)
        {
            // inB is closest point
            outSet = 0b0010;
            return inB;
        }
        else
        {
            // Closest point lies on line inA inB
            outSet = 0b0011;
            return u * inA + v * inB;
        }
    }
 
    template <bool MustIncludeC = false>
    inline Vec3 GetClosestPointOnTriangle(Vec3Arg inA, Vec3Arg inB, Vec3Arg inC, uint32 &outSet)
    {
        // Taken from: Real-Time Collision Detection - Christer Ericson (Section: Closest Point on Triangle to Point)
        // With p = 0
 
        // The most accurate normal is calculated by using the two shortest edges
        // See: https://box2d.org/posts/2014/01/troublesome-triangle/
        // The difference in normals is most pronounced when one edge is much smaller than the others (in which case the other 2 must have roughly the same length).
        // Therefore we can suffice by just picking the shortest from 2 edges and use that with the 3rd edge to calculate the normal.
        // We first check which of the edges is shorter and if bc is shorter than ac then we swap a with c to a is always on the shortest edge
        UVec4 swap_ac;
        {
            Vec3 ac = inC - inA;
            Vec3 bc = inC - inB;
            swap_ac = Vec4::sLess(bc.DotV4(bc), ac.DotV4(ac));
        }
        Vec3 a = Vec3::sSelect(inA, inC, swap_ac);
        Vec3 c = Vec3::sSelect(inC, inA, swap_ac);
 
        // Calculate normal
        Vec3 ab = inB - a;
        Vec3 ac = c - a;
        Vec3 n = ab.Cross(ac);
        float n_len_sq = n.LengthSq();
 
        // Check degenerate
        if (n_len_sq < 1.0e-10f) // Square(FLT_EPSILON) was too small and caused numerical problems, see test case TestCollideParallelTriangleVsCapsule
        {
            // Degenerate, fallback to vertices and edges
 
            // Start with vertex C being the closest
            uint32 closest_set = 0b0100;
            Vec3 closest_point = inC;
            float best_dist_sq = inC.LengthSq();
 
            // If the closest point must include C then A or B cannot be closest
            // Note that we test vertices first because we want to prefer a closest vertex over a closest edge (this results in an outSet with fewer bits set)
            if constexpr (!MustIncludeC)
            {
                // Try vertex A
                float a_len_sq = inA.LengthSq();
                if (a_len_sq < best_dist_sq)
                {
                    closest_set = 0b0001;
                    closest_point = inA;
                    best_dist_sq = a_len_sq;
                }
 
                // Try vertex B
                float b_len_sq = inB.LengthSq();
                if (b_len_sq < best_dist_sq)
                {
                    closest_set = 0b0010;
                    closest_point = inB;
                    best_dist_sq = b_len_sq;
                }
            }
 
            // Edge AC
            float ac_len_sq = ac.LengthSq();
            if (ac_len_sq > Square(FLT_EPSILON))
            {
                float v = Clamp(-a.Dot(ac) / ac_len_sq, 0.0f, 1.0f);
                Vec3 q = a + v * ac;
                float dist_sq = q.LengthSq();
                if (dist_sq < best_dist_sq)
                {
                    closest_set = 0b0101;
                    closest_point = q;
                    best_dist_sq = dist_sq;
                }
            }
 
            // Edge BC
            Vec3 bc = inC - inB;
            float bc_len_sq = bc.LengthSq();
            if (bc_len_sq > Square(FLT_EPSILON))
            {
                float v = Clamp(-inB.Dot(bc) / bc_len_sq, 0.0f, 1.0f);
                Vec3 q = inB + v * bc;
                float dist_sq = q.LengthSq();
                if (dist_sq < best_dist_sq)
                {
                    closest_set = 0b0110;
                    closest_point = q;
                    best_dist_sq = dist_sq;
                }
            }
 
            // If the closest point must include C then AB cannot be closest
            if constexpr (!MustIncludeC)
            {
                // Edge AB
                ab = inB - inA;
                float ab_len_sq = ab.LengthSq();
                if (ab_len_sq > Square(FLT_EPSILON))
                {
                    float v = Clamp(-inA.Dot(ab) / ab_len_sq, 0.0f, 1.0f);
                    Vec3 q = inA + v * ab;
                    float dist_sq = q.LengthSq();
                    if (dist_sq < best_dist_sq)
                    {
                        closest_set = 0b0011;
                        closest_point = q;
                        best_dist_sq = dist_sq;
                    }
                }
            }
 
            outSet = closest_set;
            return closest_point;
        }
 
        // Check if P in vertex region outside A
        Vec3 ap = -a;
        float d1 = ab.Dot(ap);
        float d2 = ac.Dot(ap);
        if (d1 <= 0.0f && d2 <= 0.0f)
        {
            outSet = swap_ac.GetX()? 0b0100 : 0b0001;
            return a; // barycentric coordinates (1,0,0)
        }
 
        // Check if P in vertex region outside B
        Vec3 bp = -inB;
        float d3 = ab.Dot(bp);
        float d4 = ac.Dot(bp);
        if (d3 >= 0.0f && d4 <= d3)
        {
            outSet = 0b0010;
            return inB; // barycentric coordinates (0,1,0)
        }
 
        // Check if P in edge region of AB, if so return projection of P onto AB
        if (d1 * d4 <= d3 * d2 && d1 >= 0.0f && d3 <= 0.0f)
        {
            float v = d1 / (d1 - d3);
            outSet = swap_ac.GetX()? 0b0110 : 0b0011;
            return a + v * ab; // barycentric coordinates (1-v,v,0)
        }
 
        // Check if P in vertex region outside C
        Vec3 cp = -c;
        float d5 = ab.Dot(cp);
        float d6 = ac.Dot(cp);
        if (d6 >= 0.0f && d5 <= d6)
        {
            outSet = swap_ac.GetX()? 0b0001 : 0b0100;
            return c; // barycentric coordinates (0,0,1)
        }
 
        // Check if P in edge region of AC, if so return projection of P onto AC
        if (d5 * d2 <= d1 * d6 && d2 >= 0.0f && d6 <= 0.0f)
        {
            float w = d2 / (d2 - d6);
            outSet = 0b0101;
            return a + w * ac; // barycentric coordinates (1-w,0,w)
        }
 
        // Check if P in edge region of BC, if so return projection of P onto BC
        float d4_d3 = d4 - d3;
        float d5_d6 = d5 - d6;
        if (d3 * d6 <= d5 * d4 && d4_d3 >= 0.0f && d5_d6 >= 0.0f)
        {
            float w = d4_d3 / (d4_d3 + d5_d6);
            outSet = swap_ac.GetX()? 0b0011 : 0b0110;
            return inB + w * (c - inB); // barycentric coordinates (0,1-w,w)
        }
 
        // P inside face region.
        // Here we deviate from Christer Ericson's article to improve accuracy.
        // Determine distance between triangle and origin: distance = (centroid - origin) . normal / |normal|
        // Closest point to origin is then: distance . normal / |normal|
        // Note that this way of calculating the closest point is much more accurate than first calculating barycentric coordinates
        // and then calculating the closest point based on those coordinates.
        outSet = 0b0111;
        return n * (a + inB + c).Dot(n) / (3.0f * n_len_sq);
    }
 
    inline bool OriginOutsideOfPlane(Vec3Arg inA, Vec3Arg inB, Vec3Arg inC, Vec3Arg inD)
    {
        // Taken from: Real-Time Collision Detection - Christer Ericson (Section: Closest Point on Tetrahedron to Point)
        // With p = 0
 
        // Test if point p and d lie on opposite sides of plane through abc
        Vec3 n = (inB - inA).Cross(inC - inA);
        float signp = inA.Dot(n); // [AP AB AC]
        float signd = (inD - inA).Dot(n); // [AD AB AC]
 
        // Points on opposite sides if expression signs are the same
        // Note that we left out the minus sign in signp so we need to check > 0 instead of < 0 as in Christer's book
        // We compare against a small negative value to allow for a little bit of slop in the calculations
        return signp * signd > -FLT_EPSILON;
    }
 
    inline UVec4 OriginOutsideOfTetrahedronPlanes(Vec3Arg inA, Vec3Arg inB, Vec3Arg inC, Vec3Arg inD)
    {
        Vec3 ab = inB - inA;
        Vec3 ac = inC - inA;
        Vec3 ad = inD - inA;
        Vec3 bd = inD - inB;
        Vec3 bc = inC - inB;
 
        Vec3 ab_cross_ac = ab.Cross(ac);
        Vec3 ac_cross_ad = ac.Cross(ad);
        Vec3 ad_cross_ab = ad.Cross(ab);
        Vec3 bd_cross_bc = bd.Cross(bc);
 
        // For each plane get the side on which the origin is
        float signp0 = inA.Dot(ab_cross_ac); // ABC
        float signp1 = inA.Dot(ac_cross_ad); // ACD
        float signp2 = inA.Dot(ad_cross_ab); // ADB
        float signp3 = inB.Dot(bd_cross_bc); // BDC
        Vec4 signp(signp0, signp1, signp2, signp3);
 
        // For each plane get the side that is outside (determined by the 4th point)
        float signd0 = ad.Dot(ab_cross_ac);  // D
        float signd1 = ab.Dot(ac_cross_ad);  // B
        float signd2 = ac.Dot(ad_cross_ab);  // C
        float signd3 = -ab.Dot(bd_cross_bc); // A
        Vec4 signd(signd0, signd1, signd2, signd3);
 
        // The winding of all triangles has been chosen so that signd should have the
        // same sign for all components. If this is not the case the tetrahedron
        // is degenerate and we return that the origin is in front of all sides
        int sign_bits = signd.GetSignBits();
        switch (sign_bits)
        {
        case 0:
            // All positive
            return Vec4::sGreaterOrEqual(signp, Vec4::sReplicate(-FLT_EPSILON));
 
        case 0xf:
            // All negative
            return Vec4::sLessOrEqual(signp, Vec4::sReplicate(FLT_EPSILON));
 
        default:
            // Mixed signs, degenerate tetrahedron
            return UVec4::sReplicate(0xffffffff);
        }
    }
 
    template <bool MustIncludeD = false>
    inline Vec3 GetClosestPointOnTetrahedron(Vec3Arg inA, Vec3Arg inB, Vec3Arg inC, Vec3Arg inD, uint32 &outSet)
    {
        // Taken from: Real-Time Collision Detection - Christer Ericson (Section: Closest Point on Tetrahedron to Point)
        // With p = 0
 
        // Start out assuming point inside all halfspaces, so closest to itself
        uint32 closest_set = 0b1111;
        Vec3 closest_point = Vec3::sZero();
        float best_dist_sq = FLT_MAX;
 
        // Determine for each of the faces of the tetrahedron if the origin is in front of the plane
        UVec4 origin_out_of_planes = OriginOutsideOfTetrahedronPlanes(inA, inB, inC, inD);
 
        // If point outside face abc then compute closest point on abc
        if (origin_out_of_planes.GetX()) // OriginOutsideOfPlane(inA, inB, inC, inD)
        {
            if constexpr (MustIncludeD)
            {
                // If the closest point must include D then ABC cannot be closest but the closest point
                // cannot be an interior point either so we return A as closest point
                closest_set = 0b0001;
                closest_point = inA;
            }
            else
            {
                // Test the face normally
                closest_point = GetClosestPointOnTriangle<false>(inA, inB, inC, closest_set);
            }
            best_dist_sq = closest_point.LengthSq();
        }
 
        // Repeat test for face acd
        if (origin_out_of_planes.GetY()) // OriginOutsideOfPlane(inA, inC, inD, inB)
        {
            uint32 set;
            Vec3 q = GetClosestPointOnTriangle<MustIncludeD>(inA, inC, inD, set);
            float dist_sq = q.LengthSq();
            if (dist_sq < best_dist_sq)
            {
                best_dist_sq = dist_sq;
                closest_point = q;
                closest_set = (set & 0b0001) + ((set & 0b0110) << 1);
            }
        }
 
        // Repeat test for face adb
        if (origin_out_of_planes.GetZ()) // OriginOutsideOfPlane(inA, inD, inB, inC)
        {
            // Keep original vertex order, it doesn't matter if the triangle is facing inward or outward
            // and it improves consistency for GJK which will always add a new vertex D and keep the closest
            // feature from the previous iteration in ABC
            uint32 set;
            Vec3 q = GetClosestPointOnTriangle<MustIncludeD>(inA, inB, inD, set);
            float dist_sq = q.LengthSq();
            if (dist_sq < best_dist_sq)
            {
                best_dist_sq = dist_sq;
                closest_point = q;
                closest_set = (set & 0b0011) + ((set & 0b0100) << 1);
            }
        }
 
        // Repeat test for face bdc
        if (origin_out_of_planes.GetW()) // OriginOutsideOfPlane(inB, inD, inC, inA)
        {
            // Keep original vertex order, it doesn't matter if the triangle is facing inward or outward
            // and it improves consistency for GJK which will always add a new vertex D and keep the closest
            // feature from the previous iteration in ABC
            uint32 set;
            Vec3 q = GetClosestPointOnTriangle<MustIncludeD>(inB, inC, inD, set);
            float dist_sq = q.LengthSq();
            if (dist_sq < best_dist_sq)
            {
                closest_point = q;
                closest_set = set << 1;
            }
        }
 
        outSet = closest_set;
        return closest_point;
    }
};
 
JPH_PRECISE_MATH_OFF
 
JPH_NAMESPACE_END